The Literature Survey on Manet, Routing Protocols and Metrics

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes or devices with wireless communications and nodes communicate with each other without any centralized support. Each node acts as a router in Mobile Adhoc Network. No wired infrastructure is required to form a network. Nodes form a wireless environment where nodes can communicate with each other without the restriction of the network topology. Examples of Mobile Adhoc Networks are laptops, mobile phones, PDA, Digital Cameras etc. It is also known as wearable and tearable networks, which are created when the requirement is generated

Exploit Cloud Computing for Next Generation Sequencing Analysis

Over the last decade more data has been produced than in the entire human civilization. Advances in the field of sequencing techniques have accelerated the process leading to huge sequence database. This presents immediate challenge not only in database management but computational analysis also. With the advent of next generation sequencing data bases, biologist are highlighting the immediate need for computer power, storage and software?s to analyse this data.This can be addressed by moving from in house technology to innovative analysis technology i.e. Cloud computing. Though this technology is in bud stage in NGS but it provide a promising future for next generation sequencing. Data management, transfer, storage, security, computing power are all important components to success in using cloud computing for next generation sequence analysis. This paper is written to bring awareness to scientific community regarding promoting NGS analysis by using cloud computing

Delineating Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Targets in Mycobacteria Using IPTG Inducible Antisense Expression

In order to identify novel high value antibacterial targets it is desirable to delineate whether the inactivation of the target enzyme will lead to bacterial death or stasis. This knowledge is particularly important in slow growing organisms, like mycobacteria, where most of the viable anti-tubercular agents are bactericidal. A bactericidal target can be identified through the conditional deletion or inactivation of the target gene at a relatively high cell number and subsequently following the time course of survival for the bacteria. A simple protocol to execute conditional inactivation of a gene is by antisense expression. We have developed a mycobacteria specific IPTG inducible vector system and monitored the effect of antisense inhibition of several known essential genes in mycobacteria by following their survival kinetics. By this method, we could differentiate between genes whose down regulation lead to bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect. Targets for standard anti-tubercular drugs like inhA for isoniazid, rpoB and C for rifampicin, and gyr A/B for flouroquinolones were shown to be bactericidal. In contrast targets like FtsZ behaved in a bacteriostatic manner. Induction of antisense expression in embB and ribosomal RNA genes, viz., rplJ and rpsL showed only a marginal growth inhibition. The specificity of the antisense inhibition was conclusively shown in the case of auxotrophic gene ilvB. The bactericidal activity following antisense expression of ilvB was completely reversed when the growth media was supplemented with the isoleucine, leucine, valine and pantothenate. Additionally, under these conditions the expression of several genes in branched chain amino acid pathway was severely suppressed indicating targeted gene inactivation

To study medical students' perspective on rising violence against doctors. Do they consider obstetrics and gynecology a risky branch?

Background: In recent years, there has been an epidemic of violence against health professional in many nations including India. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) has reported that 75% of doctors have faced physical or verbal violence during their lifetime. The objective of present study was to evaluate the medical student perspective on rising violence against doctors.Methods: This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study carried out at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of medical Sciences and Research Amritsar. Undergraduate medical students from second year onwards, interns and post- graduate students of the institution were included in the study. Data was compiled and statistically analysed.Results: Total 497 medical students participated in the study. Among participants 327 (65.8%) were undergraduates, 106 (21.3%) were interns, 64 (12.9%) were postgraduate students 97.18% of students said that they were aware of rising incidents of violence against doctors. while 96% of participants said that they were concerned about the problem. For 86.1% students source of information of these incidents was social media. 82.5% participants said that doctors are at higher risk of being victim of violence than other profession. 89.1% of participants who had said that doctors are at higher risk of being victims of violence than other professions have said yes to the question that doctors need to be trained in martial arts. 70.2% said that these incidences would affect their future carrier choices. 60.8% Students said that certain specialties are more prone to receive violence than others. In response to an open-ended question which specialties are more prone, 83.6% participants had written surgical branches and obstetrics and gynecology.Conclusions: The study indicates that they find certain specialties more-risky and their inclination towards non- surgical branches for post-graduation

Trades-Related Post-Secondary Educational Attainment among Immigrant and Canadian-Born Young Adults in Alberta

This paper examines trades-related and university educational attainment (by age 25) of immigrant and Canadian-born Alberta youth while controlling for gender, family socio-economic status, high school grades, and parental encouragement regarding higher education. Data from the longitudinal Alberta School-Work Transitions Study (1996 – 2003) reveal significant differences between immigrants and non-immigrant young adults in terms of trades-related post-secondary education (PSE). Multinomial logit analysis shows that Alberta immigrant youth are significantly more likely than their Canadian-born counterparts to attain trades-related PSE credentials by age 25. Important factors explaining these differences include parental encouragement and high school grades. Cet article porte sur les réalisations relatives aux métiers et à l’éducation universitaire avant l’âge de 25 ans chez de jeunes immigrants d’une part et de jeunes albertains nés au Canada d’autre part. L’étude tient compte du sexe, du statut socioéconomique de la famille, des notes au secondaire et de l’appui parental en ce qui touche l’enseignement supérieur. Les données provenant d’une étude longitudinale albertaine portant sur le passage de l’école au travail (Alberta School-Work Transitions Study 1996 – 2003) révèlent des différences significatives entre les jeunes adultes immigrants et non-immigrants quant à l’éducation postsecondaire associée aux métiers. Une analyse logit multinomiale démontre que les jeunes albertains immigrants sont nettement plus susceptibles que leurs homologues nés au Canada à obtenir un diplôme d’éducation postsecondaire associée aux métiers avant l’âge de 25 ans. Parmi les facteurs importants qui expliquent ces différences notons l’appui parental et les notes au secondaire

Biochemical Factors Modulating Cellular Neurotoxicity of Methylmercury

Methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental toxicant primarily found in fish and seafood, poses a dilemma to both consumers and regulatory authorities, given the nutritional benefits of fish consumption versus the possible adverse neurological damage. Several studies have shown that MeHg toxicity is influenced by a number of biochemical factors, such as glutathione (GSH), fatty acids, vitamins, and essential elements, but the cellular mechanisms underlying these complex interactions have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of this paper is to outline the cellular response to dietary nutrients, as well as to describe the neurotoxic exposures to MeHg. In order to determine the cellular mechanism(s) of toxicity, the effect of pretreatment with biochemical factors (e.g., N-acetyl cysteine, (NAC); diethyl maleate, (DEM); docosahexaenoic acid, (DHA); selenomethionine, SeM; Trolox) and MeHg treatment on intercellular antioxidant status, MeHg content, and other endpoints was evaluated. This paper emphasizes that the protection against oxidative stress offered by these biochemical factors is among one of the major mechanisms responsible for conferring neuroprotection. It is therefore critical to ascertain the cellular mechanisms associated with various dietary nutrients as well as to determine the potential effects of neurotoxic exposures for accurately assessing the risks and benefits associated with fish consumption

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Behind Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity

Paper 1,2,3 and 5 are reprinted with kind permission from Elsevier, sciencedirect.co

Extraction and role of mushroom polyphenols in starch digestion inhibition : A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Innovation at Lincoln University

Mushrooms are becoming attractive as a functional food and good sources of vitamins, minerals, especially bioactive compounds. Mushroom are used as medicines due to their antioxidant, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. These are becoming very popular due to their high nutritional value, high protein, and low fat content. Mushroom proteins are rich in all the nine amino acids necessary for human body. They are utilized in preventing several diseases like hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer. These are rich sources of bioactive substances like polyphenols, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. The phenolic compounds are used as supplements in the isolated forms and have positive impact on the human health. The extraction of polyphenols is very complex due to existence of polyphenols in the form of insoluble complexes. There are several methods utilized for polyphenol extraction. Conventional solvent extraction is one of the most significant method for extracting bioactive substances. In this study, three different kinds of mushrooms (Lentinula edodes, Auricularia auricula, and Tremella fuciformis) were used for extracting polyphenols. Extraction was performed by using water and different concentrations of methanol at different temperature and pH. The antioxidant activity and protein content was determined. The results showed that water mushroom extracts showed higher antioxidant activity and higher protein content than methanol mushroom extracts. Nowadays, cereal products with mushroom powder inclusion are trending because mushroom powder enhances the nutritional value of the product. The 1% concentrated mushroom extracts were incorporated in the white sorghum flour to determine the effect on pasting properties and release of reducing sugars as compared to control group. The results revealed that, addition of mushroom extracts showed negative effect on the pasting properties of white sorghum flour than control group. The release of reducing sugars also decreased due to incorporation of mushroom extracts in the white sorghum flour than control group during in vitro starch digestion. The area under curve (AUC) illustrated that mushroom extracts decreased the predicted glycaemic response of the white sorghum flour. Mushroom extracts also elevated the level of antioxidants (Total phenolic contents and Ferric reducing antioxidant power) in the white sorghum flour as compared to that of control. Moreover, the incorporation of mushroom extracts also increased the protein digestibility during in vitro starch digestion. These results suggested that mushroom extracts can be incorporated into the white sorghum flour to provide health benefits to consumers